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1 meet payments
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2 ability to meet payments
Банковское дело: платёжеспособность, способность платитьУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > ability to meet payments
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3 ability to meet payments
Англо-русский экономический словарь > ability to meet payments
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4 ability to meet payments
ком.сущ.платёжеспособностьспособность платитьАнгло-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > ability to meet payments
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5 to meet bond interest payments
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to meet bond interest payments
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6 to meet bond interest payments
English_Russian capital issues dictionary > to meet bond interest payments
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7 ability
əˈbɪlɪtɪ сущ.
1) способность, возможность делать что-л. (at, in;
to+inf.) ability to hear ≈ способность слышать ability to pay climbing ability cross-country ability germinating ability inborn ability innate ability natural ability negotiation ability spring ability
2) способность как мера (по умолчанию высокая) умения что-л. делать;
ловкость;
квалификация;
дарование to appreciate, recognize ability ≈ ценить способность ability in doing smth., to do smth. ≈ ловкость в каком-л. деле to demonstrate, display, exhibit, show ability ≈ проявлять способности, демонстрировать умение to treat smth. with ability ≈ умело справляться с чем-л. ability to write well ≈ владение слогом to be possessed of great ability ≈ быть одаренным a person of great ability ≈ человек с большими способностями, человек со значительными способностями a man of small abilities ≈ человек со способностями ниже среднего, немного стоящий в профессиональном плане ability above the ordinary ≈ неординарные способности, талант do smth to the best of one's ability ≈ стараться изо всех сил an ounce of ability ≈ зачаточные навыки He doesn't have an ounce of ability. ≈ Он ни на что не годен, совершенно неспособен делать что-л. ability for music ≈ музыкальные способности Every trader who issues notes beyond his abilities to answer must in the end be ruined. ≈ Каждый биржевой маклер, выпускающий ценные бумаги, не располагая возможностью сделать по ним выплаты, в конце концов потерпит крах. The success attests his ability. ≈ Подобный успех свидетельствует, что у этого человека талант. Each man will be paid according to his ability. ≈ Каждому рабочему будут платить в соответствии с его квалификацией. ability factor creative ability exceptional ability latent ability marginal abilities mean abilities moderate abilities intellectual abilities native ability no mean abilities outstanding ability remarkable ability Syn: talent, capability
3) юр. компетенция, правоспособность ∙ Syn: fitness, aptitudeспособность, возможность;
- * to walk способность ходить;
- a child's * to learn обучаемость ребенка способность, ловкость;
квалификация, умение;
- * test (специальное) психотехническое испытание;
- * factor (техническое) показатель работоспособности;
- a man of * способный или знающий человек;
- * to write well владение слогом;
- * to think clearly способность ясно мыслить;
- * in doing smth. ловкость в каком-л. деле;
- to treat smth. with * умело справляться с чем-л.;
- to the best of one's * по мере сил способность;
талант;
дарование, одаренность;
- * for music музыкальные способности;
- to be possessed of great * быть одаренным;
- composing music is beyond his abilities он не способен сочинять музыку( коммерческое) платежеспособность (юридическое) правоспособность, компетенцияability дарование;
a man of great abilities высокоодаренный человек ~ квалификация ~ юр. компетенция ~ компетенция ~ ловкость ~ платежеспособность ~ правоспособность ~ способность;
умение;
to the best of one's abilities по мере сил и способностей ~ способность ~ умение~ to meet payments платежеспособность~ to pay ком. платежеспособность~ to save up способность обеспечить экономию~ to supply способность обеспечить поставкуbusiness ~ способность к коммерческой деятельностиconversational ~ вчт. способность к диалогуability дарование;
a man of great abilities высокоодаренный человекprofessional ~ профессиональная способность~ способность;
умение;
to the best of one's abilities по мере сил и способностейtunig ~ перестраиваемость -
8 default
•• * Это слово примерно одинаково часто употребляется в «финансовом» и в «компьютерном» значениях. Но интересно также его переносное значение, не зафиксированное пока в переводных словарях, во всяком случае в ABBYY Lingvo. American Heritage Dictionary определяет его так: а situation or condition that obtains in the absence of active intervention. Пример из New York Times:
•• People learn from past experience, daily life and the news media, and they flesh out their world view based on their default values.
•• В точных науках default value – значение, принимаемое по умолчанию, но здесь values явно ценности. В переводе можно было бы воспользоваться кавычками для того, чтобы подчеркнуть некоторую необычность данного словоупотребления – хотя ясно, что хочет сказать автор:
•• Люди черпают знания из опыта, повседневной жизни и СМИ и формируют собственный взгляд на мир, исходя из «своих» ценностей.
•• Можно, наверное, и так: ...исходя из укорененных в их сознании ценностей. Другой интересный пример:
•• Denying the possibility of a sustainable Palestinian state leaves only one default option: the one-state, bi-national solution that signifies the end of Israel as the home of the Jewish people. (Washington Post)
•• Default кажется здесь даже несколько избыточным (единственный остающийся вариант и вариант, выпадающий, так сказать, автоматически, – в общем одно и то же). Но, наверное, автору (и довольно придирчивым к стилю редакторам газеты) виднее. В переводе можно, например, так:
•• Отказывать палестинцам в жизнеспособном государстве значит с неизбежностью вести дело к единственному остающемуся варианту. Этот вариант – одно государство, две нации – означал бы конец Израиля как национального очага евреев.
•• В двуязычном словаре в качестве соответствий атрибутивного default возможны варианты первоначальный, внутренне присущий, принятый. By default часто может передаваться русским по умолчанию, поскольку это выражение нередко употребляется и у нас в переносном смысле. Другие варианты – автоматически, неизбежно.
•• Стоит заметить, что если у нас для обозначения финансово-экономического кризиса 1998 года употребляется слово дефолт, то в англоязычной литературе на эту тему чаще говорят о financial crisis (иногда economic crisis):
•• The Russian financial crisis of the summer of 1998 shared many features of other financial crises in recent years. (Из доклада ЮНКТАД)
•• Слово же default употребляется в словосочетании default on obligations/debts (дефолт по обязательствам, невыполнение обязательств):
•• Uneximbank, part of a major group owned by media tycoon Vladimir Potanin, told its European creditors that it was unable to meet payments on $250m of eurobonds. There has never before been a default on such debt (news.bbc.co.uk).
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9 ability
[əˈbɪlɪtɪ]ability дарование; a man of great abilities высокоодаренный человек ability квалификация ability юр. компетенция ability компетенция ability ловкость ability платежеспособность ability правоспособность ability способность; умение; to the best of one's abilities по мере сил и способностей ability способность ability умение ability to meet payments платежеспособность ability to pay ком. платежеспособность ability to save up способность обеспечить экономию ability to supply способность обеспечить поставку ability to work трудоспособность; способность выполнять работу business ability способность к коммерческой деятельности conversational ability вчт. способность к диалогу ability дарование; a man of great abilities высокоодаренный человек professional ability профессиональная способность taxpaying ability налогоспособность ability способность; умение; to the best of one's abilities по мере сил и способностей tunig ability перестраиваемость -
10 payment
1) платеж, плата, уплата, оплата; погашение (долга)2) взнос4) pl платежный оборот•- make payments "by the first run"There are various internet projects to provide B2B payments without bank intermediation. — Существуют различные проекты использования интернета для осуществления межфирменных платежей без посредничества банков.
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11 deficit
ˈdefɪsɪt сущ. дефицит;
нехватка;
недочет (in) trade deficit ≈ внешнеторговый дефицит to meet a deficit, make up a deficit ≈ покрыть дефицит operating deficit ≈ текущий дефицит дефицит;
нехватка, недочет - balance of payments * дефицит платежного баланса - to show a * иметь дефицит (в бюджете) - to make /to make up, to cover/ the * покрыть дефицит accumulated ~ накопившийся дефицит at a ~ с дефицитом balance sheet ~ дефицит баланса be in ~ иметь дефицит budget ~ дефицит бюджета budget ~ превышение правительственных расходов над доходами budgetary ~ бюджетный дефицит budgeted ~ дефицит, заложенный в бюджет capital ~ дефицит капитала cash ~ кассовый дефицит cash ~ нехватка наличности cash ~ нехватка наличных денег central government budget ~ дефицит государственного бюджета central government's gross cash ~ государственный валовой кассовый дефицит current account ~ дефицит текущих статей платежного баланса current ~ дефицит текущих статей платежного баланса deficit дефицит;
нехватка;
недочет;
to meet a deficit покрыть дефицит ~ дефицит ~ недостача ~ недостающая сумма ~ недочет ~ нехватка ~ in external payments дефицит внешних расчетов ~ on current account of balance of payments дефицит на текущем счете платежного баланса ~ on foreign exchange position дефицит средств в иностранной валюте exchange ~ валютный дефицит export ~ внешнеторговый дефицит external ~ дефицит внешнеторгового баланса fiscal ~ дефицит бюджета foreign exchange ~ валютный дефицит gross cash ~ валовой дефицит наличности group ~ дефицит бюджета группы компаний heavy ~ выч. острый дефицит import ~ дефицит импорта incur a ~ испытывать дефицит investment ~ дефицит капиталовложений liquidity ~ нехватка ликвидных средств deficit дефицит;
нехватка;
недочет;
to meet a deficit покрыть дефицит monetary ~ валютный дефицит operating ~ текущий дефицит overall cash ~ общий дефицит наличности payments ~ дефицит платежного баланса production ~ дефицит производства savings ~ дефицит сбережений show a ~ выявлять дефицит show a ~ выявлять недопоставку show a ~ обнаруживать нехватку trade balance ~ дефицит торгового баланса trade ~ дефицит торгового баланса trading ~ торговый дефицит treasury ~ дефицит государственных финансов -
12 payment
nплатеж; оплата; погашение ( долга); выплата; денежное вознаграждение; жалование; взносto be 2 years behind in one's payments — иметь двухлетнюю задолженность по взносам / выплатам
to effect payment — производить платеж, платить по счету
to meet the payment — выплатить взнос, осуществить платеж
- additional paymentto renege on one's alimony payment — уклоняться от уплаты алиментов
- advance payment
- allowance payment
- backdoor payments - cash payment
- child benefit payment
- compensation payment
- compulsory payment
- current payments
- debt payment
- debt service payment
- debt servicing payment
- deferral of payments
- delay in debt payment
- differential payment
- dividend payment
- ex gratia payment
- exchange payments
- external payments
- extra interest payment
- extra payment
- federal interest payment
- final payment
- guaranteed monthly payment for work
- in payment for smth
- incentive payment
- indemnity payment
- installment payment
- interest payment
- international payments
- local currency payment
- lump-sum payment
- multilateralization of payments
- non-cash payment
- outstanding payment
- partial payment
- passive balance of payments
- payment by cash
- payment by installments
- payment by results
- payment for official hospitality
- payment for services
- payment in anticipation
- payment in cash
- payment in gold
- payment in hard currency
- payment in kind
- payment in lieu of the travel expenses
- payment of language bonus
- payroll payment
- post adjustment payment
- price-support payments
- progress payments
- redundancy payment
- reparations payments
- rescheduling of payments
- retroactivity of payment
- salary payment
- sensitive payments
- separation payment
- settlement of payments
- social security payments
- state benefit payments
- tax-free payment
- term of payment
- termination indemnity payment
- token payment
- unemployment payment -
13 deficit
[ˈdefɪsɪt]accumulated deficit накопившийся дефицит at a deficit с дефицитом balance sheet deficit дефицит баланса be in deficit иметь дефицит budget deficit дефицит бюджета budget deficit превышение правительственных расходов над доходами budgetary deficit бюджетный дефицит budgeted deficit дефицит, заложенный в бюджет capital deficit дефицит капитала cash deficit кассовый дефицит cash deficit нехватка наличности cash deficit нехватка наличных денег central government budget deficit дефицит государственного бюджета central government's gross cash deficit государственный валовой кассовый дефицит current account deficit дефицит текущих статей платежного баланса current deficit дефицит текущих статей платежного баланса deficit дефицит; нехватка; недочет; to meet a deficit покрыть дефицит deficit дефицит deficit недостача deficit недостающая сумма deficit недочет deficit нехватка deficit in external payments дефицит внешних расчетов deficit on current account of balance of payments дефицит на текущем счете платежного баланса deficit on foreign exchange position дефицит средств в иностранной валюте exchange deficit валютный дефицит export deficit внешнеторговый дефицит external deficit дефицит внешнеторгового баланса fiscal deficit дефицит бюджета foreign exchange deficit валютный дефицит gross cash deficit валовой дефицит наличности group deficit дефицит бюджета группы компаний heavy deficit выч. острый дефицит import deficit дефицит импорта incur a deficit испытывать дефицит investment deficit дефицит капиталовложений liquidity deficit нехватка ликвидных средств deficit дефицит; нехватка; недочет; to meet a deficit покрыть дефицит monetary deficit валютный дефицит operating deficit текущий дефицит overall cash deficit общий дефицит наличности payments deficit дефицит платежного баланса production deficit дефицит производства savings deficit дефицит сбережений show a deficit выявлять дефицит show a deficit выявлять недопоставку show a deficit обнаруживать нехватку trade balance deficit дефицит торгового баланса trade deficit дефицит торгового баланса trading deficit торговый дефицит treasury deficit дефицит государственных финансов -
14 deficit
nдефицит; нехватка, недостатокto bring the deficit down — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
to compensate for the deficit — возмещать / компенсировать дефицит
to curb the deficit — обуздывать / ограничивать дефицит
to cure the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
to eliminate the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
to make up for the deficit — возмещать / компенсировать дефицит
to narrow the deficit — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
to reduce / to slash the deficit — сокращать дефицит
to whittle away / down the deficit — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
- bloated deficitto wipe out the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)
- budget deficit
- cash deficit
- chronic deficit
- constant deficit
- deficit continues to mount alarmingly
- deficit fell
- deficit has ballooned
- deficit has widened
- deficit in the balance of payments
- deficit is rocketing
- deficit shrank
- deficit stood at $...
- dramatic improvement in the balance-of-payments deficit
- external deficit
- federal budget deficit
- fiscal deficit
- food deficit
- foreign deficit
- foreign-exchange deficit
- foreign-trade deficit
- government deficit
- growth of the budget deficit
- huge deficit
- massive deficit
- negative deficit
- outstanding deficit
- projected deficit
- record deficit
- record-breaking deficit
- reduction of the budget deficit
- trade deficit
- vast deficit -
15 deficit
n
- annual deficit
- balance of payments deficit
- balance of trade deficit
- budget deficit
- budgetary deficit
- capital deficit
- cash deficit
- chronic deficit
- constant deficit
- currency deficit
- current deficit
- current account deficit
- current assets deficit
- dollar deficit
- excessive deficit
- exchange deficit
- external deficit
- federal budget deficit
- financial deficit
- fiscal deficit
- foreign exchange deficit
- foreign trade deficit
- government deficit
- huge deficit
- investment deficit
- minor deficit
- monetary deficit
- operational deficit
- outstanding deficit
- overall deficit
- payments deficit
- persistent deficit
- public sector deficit
- short-term deficit
- total deficit
- trade deficit
- virtual deficit
- deficit in foreign exchange
- deficit of the balance of payments
- deficit of the balance of trade
- deficit of goods
- deficit in foreign exchange
- balance a deficit
- cause a deficit
- compensate for a deficit
- correct a deficit
- cover a deficit
- curb a fiscal deficit
- incur a deficit
- make good a deficit
- make up a deficit
- meet a deficit
- narrow a trade deficit
- offset a deficit
- operate at a deficit
- reduce a deficit
- rein in a budget deficit
- run a deficit
- settle a deficit
- show a deficit
- swing into deficitEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > deficit
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16 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
17 difficulty
n1) трудность, затруднение2) препятствие, помеха•to be confronted by difficulties — встречаться / сталкиваться с трудностями
to create difficulties — создавать трудности / затруднения
to encounter difficulties — встречаться / сталкиваться с трудностями
to face difficulties — встречаться / сталкиваться с трудностями; испытывать трудности
to give rise to difficulties — создавать трудности / затруднения
to make difficulties — создавать трудности / затруднения
to meet with difficulties — встречаться / сталкиваться с трудностями
to pose / to present difficulties for smb — представлять трудности для кого-л.
to raise difficulties — создавать трудности / затруднения
to run into difficulties — встречаться / сталкиваться с трудностями
to surmount / to tackle difficulties — преодолевать трудности
- day-to-day difficultiesto win through one's difficulties — преодолевать трудности
- difficulties for currency
- difficulties for money
- difficulties the country is in
- difficulties with which a country is beset
- economic difficulties
- enormous difficulties
- financial difficulties
- foreign payments difficulties
- foreign policy difficulties
- great difficulties
- insurmountable difficulties
- letup in the difficulties
- major difficulties
- marketing difficulties
- objective difficulties
- outside difficulties
- payment difficulties
- pecuniary difficulties
- political difficulties
- practical difficulties
- subjective difficulties
- temporary difficulties
- trade difficulties -
18 payment
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19 need
1. сущ.1) общ. потребность, нужда (нужда или недостаток в чем-л. необходимом для поддержания жизнедеятельности организма, человеческой личности, социальной группы, общества в целом; внутренний побудитель активности)They don't have enough food to meet their needs. — У них не достаточно пищи для удовлетворения своих потребностей.
Housing, enough money to live on and education are basic needs. — Жилье, достаточное для проживания количество денег и образование являются основными потребностями.
Syn:want 1. 2)See:buyer needs, consumer needs, customer's needs, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, need for affiliation, need for power, need for achievement, need for esteem, hierarchy of needs model, need for love and belonging, need for safety, need for self-actualization, need theories, physiological need, self-actualization need, social needs, achievement need, balance of payments needs2) общ. недостаток, нехваткаfor need of — вследствие недостатка (чего-л.)
Syn:want 1. 1)3) общ. бедность, нужда, нищета2. гл.A general state of need exists among the homeless. — Бездомные обычно живут в нищете.
1) общ. нуждаться, иметь надобность [потребность\]; требоваться, быть необходимым2) общ. нуждаться, бедствовать -
20 Commonwealth Treasury
орг.гос. упр., австрал. !The Commonwealth Treasury began operations in Melbourne in January 1901, the smallest of the seven Commonwealth departments established with Federation. The original five members of the department were bookkeepers. Over time, the department was required to establish policy in areas such as public service pay and conditions, bank notes, the taxation system including land and income tax, pensions and other welfare payments, postage stamps and the collection of statistics. Today, the department focuses primarily on economic policy.The department is divided into four groups, Fiscal, Macroeconomic, Revenue and Markets with support coming from the Corporate Services Division. These groups were established to meet three policy outcomes:The Treasury provides advice on budget policy issues, trends in Commonwealth revenue and major fiscal and financial aggregates, major expenditure programmes, taxation policy, retirement income, Commonwealth-State financial policy and actuarial services.The Treasury monitors and assesses economic conditions and prospects, both in Australia and overseas, and provides advice on the formulation and implementation of effective macroeconomic policy, including monetary and fiscal policy, and labour market issues.The Treasury provides advice on policy processes and reforms that promote a secure financial system and sound corporate practices, remove impediments to competition in product and services markets and safeguard the public interest in matters such as consumer protection and foreign investment.In Australia a Treasurer and a Finance Minister co-exist. The Treasurer is responsible for drafting the government budget and coordinating government expenditure. The Finance Minister is responsible for government procurement, policy guidelines for commonwealth, statutory authorities, and superannuation policies.
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